All Lectures

Thermodynamics is the study of heat, energy, and work. It helps explain how energy is transferred and transformed in physical and chemical systems. For first-year physics students, the subject introduces essential laws that govern all natural processes. The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of energy conservation. It says that the change in internal […]

Simple harmonic motion, often abbreviated as SHM, is one of the most fundamental types of periodic motion studied in first-year physics. It describes any motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement and acts in the opposite direction. This relationship can be expressed as F = -kx, where k is a constant […]

In university physics, vectors form the language of mechanics. Every quantity that has both magnitude and direction — such as velocity, acceleration, and force — is a vector. Understanding how to represent and manipulate vectors is essential because almost all physical phenomena occur in more than one dimension. A vector can be represented in component […]

The photoelectric effect marks the beginning of modern physics and the shift from classical to quantum theory. It occurs when light shining on a metal surface causes electrons to be emitted. Classical wave theory could not explain this phenomenon, because according to it, light intensity should determine how much energy the electrons receive. However, experiments […]